도덕적 행위를 바라보는 관점 - 흄도덕적 행위를 바라보는 관점 - 흄
Posted at 2010/09/12 15:53 | Posted in 사회나는 윤리, 그리고 철학에 관련한 책을 읽거나, 그것을 주제로 토론하는 것을 매우 좋아한다. 그런 활동을 함으로써 그 사람들의 사상을 알게 되고 배경지식을 넓힐 수 있을 뿐만 아니라, 내가 어떻게 살아가야 하는가에 대한 대략적인 큰 틀과 방향을 잡아주기 때문이다. 물론 철학에 대한 모든 것이 아닌 유명한 철학자들만의 사상을 보아왔기에 철학에 대한 나의 지식은 얕았다. 하지만, 그 정도만 해도 나에게는 매우 큰 도움이 될 수 있었다.
사실 윤리, 철학에 관한 것은 범위가 너무나도 넓다. 진리는 어떻게 탐구해야 하며, 어디에 진리가 존재하는지에 대한 분석, 인간의 본성 등 많은 부분이 철학에 포함된다. 그런데 그 많은 부분 중 내 관심을 끌었던 것은, 도덕적 행위란 무엇인지, 그리고 어떠한 행위가 도덕적이라고 판단될 수 있는지였다.
도덕적 행위에 관한 이론을 제시했던 내가 아는 철학자는 칸트, 공리주의 철학자들, 그리고 아리스토텔레스, 소크라테스, 마지막으로 흄이 있다.
그 중 내가 공감할 수 있었던 이론을 제시한 철학자는 흄이다. 흄은 도덕적 행위 판단의 기준은 이성이 아니라 감성이 되어야 한다고 주장했다. 또 그는 이성만으로는 도덕적 행위의 기준을 정하기가 쉽지 않으므로 도덕적 행위의 기준이 되는 것은 감성이라고 전했다.
내 생각도 사실 이와 같다. 도덕적 행위를 이성적으로 생각해보면 어떤 것을 기준으로 삼아야 할지 어렴풋이 알 수는 있다. 또한, 많은 사람들이 주어진 상황을 이성적으로 판단해야 한다고 생각한다. 하지만, 그것이 정확한 잣대가 되기에는 어려움이 따른다고 생각한다. 인간에게 이성이란 것이 차지하는 비중은 상당히 낮고, 이에 비해 감성과 관련이 있는 무의식이 인간의 이성과 관련이 있는 의식이 차지하는 부분보다 훨씬 더 많기 때문이다. 이로 인해, 인간은 본능적으로 이성적으로 생각한 후 움직이는 것보다 감성적인 부분에 의해 행동하는 경우가 더 많을 수밖에 없다.
그리고 인간 대부분은 상대방이 ‘도덕적인 행위를 할 때 이렇게 하니까 이것이 도덕적인 행동이구나!’라고 생각하기보다는 도덕적인 행위를 하는 사람을 볼 때 그 사람에 대해 호감이 가게 되고 자신의 기분까지 좋아진다. 이러한 기분이 들 때의 그 행동을 흄은, 그것이 도덕적인 행위라고 보는 것이다.
물론 흄의 이론만으로 도덕이나 정의를 설명하는 기준을 내리기에는 나의 사고가 아직은 한참 부족한 것이 사실이다. 하지만 한편으로는, 흄의 사상이 완벽한 것이 아니라는 생각 또한 든다. 그러나 난 앞으로도 이러한 것에 대해 더 많이 공부하고 싶고, 현재 가지고 있는 지식도 심층적으로 탐구해서 완벽하게 이해하고 싶다. 그 후에야 비로소, 나도 진정한 도덕적 행동이 무엇인지 확신할 수 있는 기회를 얻을 수 있을 듯하다.
지금 내가 생각하는 기준 아래에 있는 도덕적 행위는 미숙하다. 하지만, 그런 것에 대해 많은 고민을 해 본 나에게 흄이라는 사상가가 마음에 남았고, 그의 이론이 내가 철학에 두고 있는 관심을 증폭시키게 해준 계기가 되었다는 것은 명백한 사실임에 틀림 없다.
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